PRIOR PRINTER'S NOS. 1604, 1844 PRINTER'S NO. 3004
No. 1375 Session of 1975
INTRODUCED BY MESSRS. ECKENSBERGER, PRATT, DOYLE, ZORD, REED,
CUMBERLAND, ZELLER, POLITE, STAPLETON, RITTER, ZWIKL, DAVIS,
DiCARLO, BRANDT, LEHR, McGINNIS, SPENCER, RUGGIERO AND
GARZIA, JUNE 3, 1975
AS RE-REPORTED FROM COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS, HOUSE OF
REPRESENTATIVES, AS AMENDED, MARCH 29, 1976
AN ACT
1 Implementing the provisions of article V of the Constitution of
2 Pennsylvania relating to district justices; establishing
3 magisterial districts; setting salaries and expenses;
4 providing for certain education requirements; fixing
5 jurisdiction; creating an administrator for district justices
6 and imposing powers and duties on such administrator;
7 requiring certain liability insurance; and making repeals.
8 The General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
9 hereby enacts as follows:
10 ARTICLE I
11 Preliminary Provisions
12 Section 101. Short Title.--This act shall be known and may
13 be cited as the "Magisterial District Reform Act."
14 Section 102. Application.--Except for magisterial districts
15 in cities of the first class and counties of the first class,
16 this act shall apply to all magisterial districts in this
17 Commonwealth.
18 Section 103. Definitions.--As used in this act:
19 "Board" means the administrative board known as the "Minor
1 Judiciary Education Board" established by this act.
2 "Court" means the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania or the court
3 of common pleas for each judicial district under the direction
4 of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
5 "Department" means the Department of Education.
6 "District justice" means a justice of the peace elected or
7 appointed to a term of office on or after January 1, 1970.
8 "Political subdivision" means a city of the second class, a
9 city of the second class A, city of the third class, borough,
10 incorporated town and townships of the first or second class or
11 any similar general purpose unit of government hereafter created
12 by the General Assembly.
13 "Population" means the number of persons residing within a
14 political subdivision or part thereof as determined by the then
15 current Federal decennial or Federal special census.
16 "Population density" means the number of persons residing
17 within a political subdivision or part thereof as determined by
18 dividing said number by the land area expressed in square miles
19 as determined in the official publication by the Bureau of
20 Statistics of the Department of Commerce.
21 ARTICLE II
22 Magisterial Districts and Compensation
23 Section 201. Classification of Magisterial Districts.--(a)
24 Second class counties.--The classes of magisterial districts in
25 judicial districts coextensive with counties of the second class
26 shall be determined as follows:
27 (1) Magisterial districts of the first class shall have a
28 population density of more than 5,000 persons per square mile
29 and a population of not less than 65,000 persons.
30 (2) Magisterial districts of the second class shall have a
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1 population density of more than 500 persons per square mile and
2 a population of between 22,500 and 65,000 persons.
3 (3) Magisterial districts of the third class shall have a
4 population density of more than 200 persons per square mile and
5 a population of between 12,000 and 22,500 persons.
6 (4) Magisterial districts of the fourth class shall have a
7 population density of more than 70 persons per square mile and a
8 population of between 7,500 and 12,000 persons.
9 (5) Magisterial districts of the fifth class shall have a
10 population density of less than 70 persons per square mile and a
11 population of between 4,000 and 7,500 persons.
12 (b) Other counties.--The classes of magisterial districts in
13 judicial districts not coextensive with counties of the first
14 class or counties of the second class shall be determined as
15 follows:
16 (1) Magisterial districts of the first class shall have a
17 population density of more than 1,000 persons per square mile
18 and a population of not less than 15,000 persons.
19 (2) Magisterial districts of the second class shall have a
20 population density of more than 400 persons per square mile and
21 a population of not less than 4,000 persons.
22 (3) Magisterial districts of the third class shall have a
23 population density of less than 400 persons per square mile and
24 a population of not less than 4,000 persons.
25 (4) Magisterial districts of the fourth class shall have a
26 population density of less than 400 persons per square mile and
27 a population of between 2,000 and 4,000 persons. The number of
28 magisterial districts of the fourth class within a judicial
29 district shall not be increased.
30 Section 202. Reestablishment of Magisterial Districts.--(a)
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1 General rule.--In each year following that in which the Federal
2 decennial census is officially reported as required by Federal
3 law the court shall reestablish the number, boundaries and
4 classes of magisterial districts within each judicial district
5 except:
6 (1) The first judicial district.
7 (2) Any judicial district where a community court has been
8 established and not discontinued.
9 The number, boundaries and class of magisterial districts within
10 each judicial district shall be revised from time to time as
11 required for the efficient administration of justice within each
12 magisterial district.
13 (b) Discontinuance of community court.--The court upon the
14 discontinuance of a community court shall establish the number,
15 boundaries and classes of magisterial districts within the
16 judicial district embracing such discontinued community court.
17 Such action shall be completed prior to the first Monday of
18 January of the odd-numbered year next following the primary
19 election at which the discontinuance of the community court is
20 approved.
21 (c) Standards for establishment of magisterial districts.--
22 In the case of a political subdivision containing within its
23 boundaries two or more magisterial districts, the court shall
24 divide the political subdivision into magisterial districts as
25 nearly equal as possible in population and area, and the court
26 may presume that the population density of each part of a
27 political subdivision is the same population density as for the
28 whole political subdivision. The court in establishing the
29 number and boundaries of magisterial districts shall not
30 subdivide political subdivisions unless either:
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1 (1) the political subdivision contains two or more
2 noncontiguous parts; or
3 (2) the political subdivision contains within its boundaries
4 two or more magisterial districts, in which case wards or other
5 election districts of the political subdivision shall not be
6 subdivided.
7 Section 203. Number of Justices.--There shall be one
8 district justice for each magisterial district established.
9 Section 204. Full-time Occupation.--The office of district
10 justice shall be a full-time position and any holder thereof
11 shall not engage in any other gainful employment except that of
12 district justice. No district justice shall hold any other
13 elected or appointed public office in the Commonwealth. All
14 district justices shall be subject to the Canons of Ethics
15 applied to judges of the courts of common pleas of this
16 Commonwealth in so far as such canons apply to salaries, full-
17 time duties and conflicts of interest.
18 Section 205. Retired District Justices.--Retired district
19 justices, who retire subsequent to January 1, 1976, may be
20 eligible for recall to duty by the district justice
21 administrator at the same per diem salary as paid to a district
22 justice serving outside of the elected magisterial district.
23 A qualified retired district justice, who wishes to be
24 recalled for duty, shall register with the district justice
25 administrator and agree to abide by any rules and regulations
26 set forth by the administrator.
27 Retired district justices shall not include district justices
28 defeated for reelection by the electorate, nor shall it include
29 any district justice who was suspended or removed from office.
30 Section 206. Compensation.--(a) Annual compensation.--A
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1 district justice shall receive an annual salary of $19,500 paid
2 by the Commonwealth in bimonthly installments. The court of
3 common pleas of the judicial district in which the district
4 justice presides shall certify the number of district justices
5 within the judicial district to the State Treasurer.
6 (b) Expenses while temporarily assigned.--Any district
7 justice temporarily assigned to sit outside the political
8 subdivision in which such justice's magisterial district is
9 located shall be paid by the county, in which magisterial
10 district the justice is temporarily assigned to, the actual,
11 accountable expenses, not to exceed $44 per day, and mileage at
12 15¢ per mile for each day as such justice is so assigned.
13 Section 207. Mandatory Liability Insurance.--Every district
14 magistrate shall be covered by an errors and omissions liability
15 insurance policy to be purchased by the Commonwealth in such
16 amounts as are set forth by the Supreme Court. IN MEETING ITS <--
17 OBLIGATION UNDER THIS SECTION, THE COMMONWEALTH SHALL PURCHASE
18 ONE POLICY COVERING ALL DISTRICT MAGISTRATES WITHIN THE
19 COMMONWEALTH.
20 The cost of such liability insurance shall be equally divided
21 between the Commonwealth and the individual district justices.
22 Section 208. Offices.--The district justice shall establish
23 an office or offices within the magisterial district in
24 locations approved by the president judge of the court of common
25 pleas in compliance with standards and rules prescribed by the
26 Supreme Court.
27 Reasonable costs and expenses incident to the establishment,
28 maintenance and operation of offices of district justices as
29 approved by the president judge of the court of common pleas and
30 the county commissioners in compliance with standards and rules
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1 prescribed by the Supreme Court shall be paid by the county in
2 which the offices are located.
3 Section 209. Costs; Disposition.--All costs collected by a <--
4 district justice shall be paid monthly to the county in which
5 his magisterial district is located, and such costs shall be
6 retained by the county for its use.
7 SECTION 209. DISPOSITION.--(A) COSTS.--COSTS COLLECTED BY A <--
8 DISTRICT JUSTICE SHALL BE PAID MONTHLY TO THE COMMONWEALTH IN
9 AMOUNTS AS PRESCRIBED IN SUBSECTION (B), AND THE BALANCE SHALL
10 BE PAID MONTHLY TO THE COUNTY IN WHICH THE MAGISTERIAL DISTRICT
11 IS LOCATED. COSTS PAID TO THE COMMONWEALTH SHALL BE CREDITED TO
12 THE GENERAL FUND. COSTS PAID TO THE COUNTY SHALL BE RETAINED BY
13 THE COUNTY FOR ITS USE.
14 (B) COMMONWEALTH SHARE.--AMOUNTS PAYABLE TO THE
15 COMMONWEALTH:
16 (1) SUMMARY CONVICTIONS, EXCEPT MOTOR VEHICLE
17 CASES ........................................... $ 5.00
18 (2) SUMMARY CONVICTIONS, MOTOR VEHICLE CASES OTHER
19 THAN (3) BELOW .................................. $ 5.00
20 (3) SUMMARY CONVICTIONS, MOTOR VEHICLE CASES,
21 HEARING DEMANDED ................................ $ 5.00
22 (4) MISDEMEANOR ..................................... $ 7.00
23 (5) FELONY .......................................... $ 8.00
24 (6) ASSUMPSIT OR TRESPASS INVOLVING
25 (I) $100 OR LESS ............................ $ 2.50
26 (II) MORE THAN $100 BUT NOT MORE THAN
27 $300 ................................... $ 5.00
28 (III) MORE THAN $300 BUT NOT MORE THAN
29 $500 ................................... $ 7.50
30 (IV) MORE THAN $500 ......................... $10.00
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1 (7) LANDLORD-TENANT PROCEEDING ...................... $10.00
2 (8) ORDER OF EXECUTION .............................. $10.00
3 (9) ISSUING A SEARCH WARRANT ........................ $ 7.00
4 ARTICLE III
5 Powers and Duties
6 Section 301. Powers of District Justices.--Every district
7 justice shall have power to issue every lawful process to or to
8 be served or enforced by system and related personnel and to
9 make such lawful orders as his official business may require.
10 Section 302. Seal.--Each magisterial district shall have a
11 seal, which shall be in the custody of the district justice
12 elected or appointed for such district. The official acts of the
13 district justice shall be authenticated therewith. There shall
14 be engraved on the seal such inscription as may be specified by
15 general rule.
16 Section 303. Jurisdiction.--Except as otherwise provided,
17 district justices shall, under procedures prescribed by general
18 rule, have jurisdiction of the following matters:
19 (1) All civil claims wherein the sum demanded does not
20 exceed $2,000, exclusive of interest and costs, in the following
21 classes of cases:
22 (i) actions in assumpsit, except cases where the title to
23 real estate may be in question;
24 (ii) actions in trespass, including all forms of trespass
25 and trespass on the case; and
26 (iii) actions for fines and penalties by any government
27 agency.
28 A plaintiff may waive a portion of the claim of more than $2,000
29 so as to bring the matter within the jurisdiction of a district
30 justice. Such waiver shall remain effective except upon appeal
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1 by either party or when the judgment is set aside upon
2 certiorari.
3 (2) All summary offenses, except those within the
4 jurisdiction of an established and open traffic court.
5 (3) All violations under the provisions of section 1037 of
6 the act of April 29, 1959 (P.L.58, No.32), known as "The Vehicle
7 Code," provided the following criteria are met:
8 (i) the violation is a first offense;
9 (ii) no personal injury resulted from the violation;
10 (iii) no property damage resulted from the violation; AND <--
11 (iv) the defendant pleads guilty. and <--
12 (v) the term of any prison sentence will not exceed one
13 year.
14 The arresting authority shall transmit a copy of the charge of
15 any violation of section 1037 of "The Vehicle Code," to the
16 county clerk of courts within five days after the preliminary
17 arraignment. Within ten days after the disposition, the district
18 justice shall certify the disposition to the county clerk of
19 courts.
20 (4) All violations under the provisions of Title 18 (Crimes
21 and Offenses) of the act of November 25, 1970 (P.L.707, No.230),
22 known as the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes which are
23 classified as misdemeanors of the third degree, except
24 violations under sections 4303, 4321, 4323 and 5103 of Title 18,
25 provided the following criteria are met:
26 (i) the misdemeanor is not the result of a reduced charge;
27 (ii) the defendant pleads guilty; and
28 (iii) any personal injury and/or property damage is less than
29 $100.
30 (5) Matters arising under the act of April 6, 1951 (P.L.69,
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1 No.20), known as "The Landlord and Tenant Act of 1951," which
2 are stated therein to be within the jurisdiction of a justice of
3 the peace.
4 (6) As commissioners to preside at arraignments, fix and
5 accept bail, issue warrants and perform duties of a similar
6 nature including the jurisdiction of a committing magistrate in
7 all criminal proceedings.
8 (7) All matters jurisdiction of which is vested in district
9 justices by any statute.
10 Section 304. Venue and Process.--(a) Venue.--The venue of a
11 district justice concerning matters over which jurisdiction is
12 conferred by section 303 shall be as prescribed by general rule.
13 (b) Process.--The process of the district justice shall
14 extend beyond the limits of the magisterial district to the
15 extent prescribed by general rule.
16 Section 305. Lien of Judgment.--No judgment of a district
17 justice shall in any manner operate as a lien on real property
18 until a transcript of the record showing a final judgment of a
19 district justice has been filed in the manner prescribed by
20 general rules in the office of the clerk of the court of common
21 pleas of the county where the property is situated, or in the
22 office of the clerk of the branch of the court of common pleas
23 embracing such county. After such entry the judgment shall, from
24 the date of such entry, be a lien upon property to the same
25 extent that judgment recovered in the court of common pleas is a
26 lien. No such transcript shall be filed until after 30 days
27 after the entry of final judgment by the district justice. No
28 execution against real estate shall be issued by a district
29 justice.
30 ARTICLE IV
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1 Costs
2 Section 401. Criminal Cases.--The costs to be charged by the
3 minor judiciary in every criminal case, except as hereinafter
4 provided, shall be as follows:
5 (1) Summary conviction, except motor vehicle cases..... $11 <--
6 $16.00
7 (2) Summary convictions, motor vehicle cases,
8 OTHER THAN (3) BELOW.............................. $10 <--
9 $10.00
10 (3) SUMMARY CONVICTIONS, MOTOR VEHICLE CASES, <--
11 HEARING DEMANDED................................ $15.00
12 (3) (4) Misdemeanor.................................... $13 <--
13 $20.00
14 (4) (5) Felony......................................... $17 <--
15 $25.00
16 Such costs shall include all charges including the costs of
17 postage and registered mail and the costs of giving a transcript
18 to the prosecutor or defendant, or both, if requested.
19 Section 402. Payment of Summary Conviction Costs by
20 County.--(a) Division of costs.--In every case of summary
21 conviction in which the evidence is not sufficient to convict
22 and the defendant is dismissed, the costs thereof shall be borne
23 by the county if the prosecutor is a police officer engaged as
24 such in the employ of this Commonwealth or of any of its
25 political subdivisions. In all other cases, the costs shall be
26 paid by the prosecutor or by the defendant if so permitted by
27 law.
28 (b) County to pay where default.--In every case of summary
29 conviction in which the defendant is convicted and sentenced to
30 jail in default of the payment of the fine and costs imposed,
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1 the costs of prosecution shall be paid by the county.
2 (c) County of the second class.--In any case before a
3 salaried magistrate where costs are payable by a county of the
4 second class, the costs chargeable to the county shall be one-
5 half of the costs set forth in section 401.
6 Section 403. Civil Cases.--The costs to be charged by the
7 minor judiciary in every civil case, except as hereinafter
8 provided, shall be as follows:
9 (1) Assumpsit or trespass involving $100 or less..... $ 7.50 <--
10 $10.00
11 (2) Assumpsit or trespass involving more than
12 $100 but not more than $300...................... $10.00 <--
13 $15.00
14 (3) Assumpsit or trespass involving more than
15 $300 but not more than $500...................... $12.50 <--
16 $20.00
17 (4) Assumpsit or trespass involving more than $500... $15.00 <--
18 $25.00
19 (5) Landlord and tenant proceeding................... $15.00 <--
20 $25.00
21 (6) Order of execution............................... $ 5.00 <--
22 $15.00
23 Such costs shall include all charges including, when called
24 for, the costs relating to depositions and interrogatories and
25 the costs of postage and registered mail, except the costs of a
26 transcript of every proceeding on appeal or certiorari
27 (including affidavit, bail and certificate), which shall be
28 $2.50 per transcript.
29 Section 404. Unclassified Costs or Charges.--The costs to be
30 charged by the minor judiciary in the following instances not
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1 readily classifiable shall be as follows:
2 (1) Order for relief or removal of pauper............ $3.00
3 (2) Order to seize goods for maintenance of
4 wife or children................................. $3.00
5 (3) Entering transcript of judgment from another
6 member of the minor judiciary.................... $3.00
7 (4) Certificate to obtain land warrant............... $3.00
8 (5) Marrying each couple, making record thereof,
9 and certificate to the parties................... $5.00
10 (6) Swearing and affirming county, township, or
11 other public officer, each officer............... $3.00
12 (7) Probating accounts............................... $3.00
13 (8) Issuing a search warrant......................... $3.00 <--
14 $10.00
15 Section 405. Federal Cases.--The costs to be charged by the
16 minor judiciary for services under the laws of the United States
17 shall be as follows:
18 (1) For certificate of protection.................... $2.00
19 (2) For certificate of lost protection............... $2.00
20 (3) Warrant.......................................... $2.00
21 (4) Commitment....................................... $2.00
22 (5) Summons for seamen in admiralty case............. $2.00
23 hearing thereon............................... $2.00
24 (6) For certificate to clerk of the district court
25 to issue admiralty process....................... $2.00
26 (7) For affidavit of claims and copies thereof....... $2.00
27 (8) Affidavit of defense............................. $2.00
28 ARTICLE V
29 Education
30 Section 501. Minor Judiciary Education Board; Department of
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1 Education.--There shall be appointed by the Governor with the
2 consent of two-thirds of the members elected to the Senate an
3 administrative board composed of seven members to be known as
4 the "Minor Judiciary Education Board." Three of the members of
5 the board shall be members of the bar of the Pennsylvania
6 Supreme Court, three of the members shall be district justices
7 or judges of the Traffic Court of the City of Philadelphia, and
8 one member shall be a lay citizen. Three members shall be
9 appointed for terms of five years, three members shall be
10 appointed for terms of four years, and one member shall be
11 appointed for a term of three years, and until their successors
12 have been appointed and qualified. Thereafter each appointment
13 shall be for a term of five years and until a successor has been
14 appointed and qualified. Four members of the board shall
15 constitute a quorum; and, no action of the board shall be valid
16 unless it shall have the concurrence of at least four members.
17 Each member shall be paid $50 for each day or part thereof upon
18 which he attends a board meeting, or performs any duty assigned
19 to him by the chairman; and, he shall be reimbursed for
20 reasonable traveling or other expenses incurred incident to such
21 attendance and to such assigned duty. The board shall organize
22 by electing a chairman. The board shall prescribe and approve
23 the subject matter and the examination for the course of
24 instruction and training required by the Constitution of the
25 Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and this act. The department shall
26 serve as the administrative officers of the board and in such
27 capacity shall, subject to the direction of the board,
28 administer the course of instruction and training and conduct
29 the examination.
30 Section 502. Course of Instruction.--District justices shall
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1 complete a course of training and instruction in the duties of
2 their offices as required by the Constitution of the
3 Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and successfully pass an
4 examination prior to filing a nominating petition for a
5 candidacy in a primary election for the office of district
6 justice, which course of training and instruction shall not
7 exceed four weeks in duration and shall consist of a minimum of
8 40 hours of class instruction in civil and criminal law
9 including evidence, procedure, summary proceeding, and laws
10 relating to motor vehicles. The department shall make the course
11 of instruction available at such times as determined by it and
12 the board, so as to insure that any district justice, to be
13 elected or appointed may qualify to assume office as soon as
14 possible. By regulation the board shall direct the department to
15 conduct the course at such time, at such places and in such
16 manner as it shall prescribe.
17 In addition to those required by the Constitution of the
18 Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and this act to complete the course
19 of training and instruction and successfully pass an examination
20 prior to filing a nominating petition for a candidacy in a
21 primary election for the office of district justice, any
22 interested person may apply to the department to be enrolled in
23 the course of instruction and take the examination, subject to
24 such rules and regulations as the department with the approval
25 of the board may determine. Any such interested person who
26 successfully completes the course and passes the examination
27 shall secure an appropriate certificate from the department and
28 file same as set forth in section 505.
29 Section 503. Costs.--The course of training and instruction
30 required by the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
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1 and this act shall be provided at the expense of the
2 Commonwealth. Until such person has successfully completed the
3 course of training and instruction and passed the examination,
4 he shall not file any nominating petition for the office of
5 district justice anywhere in the Commonwealth.
6 Section 504.--Rules and Regulations.--The department shall,
7 with the approval of the board, have the power to promulgate
8 such rules and regulations as are necessary to carry out its
9 duties under this act.
10 Section 505. Completion of Course.--Upon the successful
11 completion of the course of training and instruction and
12 examination, the department shall issue a certificate in the
13 form prescribed by the board, certifying that such person is
14 qualified to perform his duties as required by the Constitution
15 of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Such certificate shall be
16 filed in the office of the prothonotary of the county in which
17 the district justice resides. In the event that an appointed
18 district justice as required by the Constitution of the
19 Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and this act to successfully
20 complete such course, has failed to obtain and file such
21 certificate in the proper prothonotary's office within nine
22 months after his appointment, said office of district justice or
23 judge shall be vacant, such vacancy to be filled as otherwise
24 provided by law, and in the case of justice of the peace, said
25 office shall be abolished.
26 Section 506. Continuing Education Requirement.--Every
27 district justice shall complete a continuing education program
28 each year equivalent to not less than 32 hours per year in such
29 courses or programs as are approved by the board.
30 ARTICLE VI
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1 District Justice Administrator
2 Section 601. Office of District Justice Administrator.--
3 There is hereby established within the Administrative Office of
4 Pennsylvania Courts a branch office to be known as the Office of
5 District Justice Administrator to be supervised by such person
6 as the Supreme Court shall appoint to act as administrator.
7 Section 602. Powers and Duties.--The district justice
8 administrator shall have the following powers and duties:
9 (1) to be responsible for the prompt and proper disposition
10 of the business of all district justices;
11 (2) to perform all functions now carried out by the court
12 administrator;
13 (3) to require and receive reports from the various judicial
14 districts relating to the utilization of the district justices
15 in the judicial districts;
16 (4) to transfer the various district justices to other
17 judicial districts on a temporary basis in an effort to remove
18 any backlog of cases;
19 (5) to prescribe forms to be used by district justices;
20 (6) to make such rules and regulations as are necessary to
21 the efficient functioning of the Office of District Justice
22 Administrator; and
23 (7) to employ such individuals as approved by the Supreme
24 Court to implement the provisions of this act.
25 ARTICLE VII
26 Miscellaneous Provisions
27 Section 701. Repealers.--(a) Specific repealers.--
28 (1) The act of January 7, 1952 (P.L.1841, No.492), known as
29 the "Minor Judiciary Fee Bill."
30 (2) The act of December 2, 1968 (P.L.1131, No.352), known as
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1 the "Magisterial Districts Act," in so far as it relates to
2 district justices and magisterial districts outside of cities
3 and counties of the first class.
4 (3) The act of February 24, 1970 (P.L.53, No.22), known as
5 the "Minor Judiciary Education Act," in so far as it relates to
6 district justices.
7 (b) General repealer.--Any act or part of an act
8 inconsistent with the provisions of this act is repealed to the
9 extent of the inconsistency.
10 Section 702. Effective Date.--This act shall take effect
11 July 1, 1976.
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