PRIOR PRINTER'S NOS. 600, 1775, 2328, PRINTER'S NO. 2503
2464
No. 552 Session of 1977
INTRODUCED BY MESSRS. ITKIN, B. F. O'BRIEN, MISCEVICH, ABRAHAM,
TRELLO, GAMBLE, McCALL, LEHR, SWEET AND J. L. WRIGHT,
MARCH 7, 1977
AS AMENDED ON SECOND CONSIDERATION, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,
JANUARY 30, 1978
AN ACT
1 Providing for the regulation for energy conservation purposes of
2 the construction of buildings, the establishment of a
3 Building Energy Conservation COMMITTEE and a Board on <--
4 Variances, appeals and for penalties.
5 TABLE OF CONTENTS
6 Chapter 1. General Provisions
7 Section 101. Short title.
8 Section 102. Legislative findings and declaration of
9 purpose.
10 Section 103. Definitions.
11 Chapter 2. Energy Conservation Standards
12 Section 201. Provisions.
13 Subchapter A. Plans and Specifications
14 Section 202. Submission.
15 Section 203. Contents.
16 Subchapter B. Definitions Relating to Energy Conservation
17 Standards
1 Section 204. Definitions relating to standards.
2 Subchapter C. Building Envelope
3 Section 205. General provisions.
4 Section 206. Criteria for residential buildings.
5 Section 207. Other buildings.
6 Section 208. Air leakage.
7 Subchapter D. Warm Air Heating, Ventilating and Air
8 Conditioning Systems and Equipment
9 Section 209. General provisions.
10 Section 210. Design requirements.
11 Section 211. Cooling with outdoor air.
12 Section 212. Mechanical ventilation.
13 Section 213. Simultaneous heating and cooling.
14 SECTION 214. RECOVERED ENERGY. <--
15 SECTION 215. NEW ENERGY.
16 Section 214 216. Reheat systems. <--
17 Section 215 217. Dual duct and multizone systems. <--
18 Section 216 218. Recooling systems. <--
19 Section 217 219. Multiple zones. <--
20 Section 218 220. Concurrent operation. <--
21 Section 219 221. Equipment performance requirements. <--
22 Section 220 222. Duct insulation. <--
23 Section 221 223. System controls. <--
24 Section 222 224. Steam and hot water heating piping. <--
25 Subchapter E. Plumbing Systems
26 Section 223 225. Purpose. <--
27 Section 224 226. Fixtures. <--
28 Section 225 227. Insulation. <--
29 Section 226 228. Equipment. <--
30 Section 227 229. Controls. <--
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1 Subchapter F. Electrical Systems
2 Section 228 230. System requirements. <--
3 Subchapter G. Lighting
4 Section 229 231. Light power budget. <--
5 Section 230 232. Calculation methods. <--
6 Section 231 233. Building interiors. <--
7 Section 232 234. Building exteriors. <--
8 Section 233 235. Exceptions to criteria. <--
9 Section 234 236. Calculation procedure. <--
10 Subchapter H. Alternative Systems
11 Section 235 237. Performance alternative. <--
12 Section 236 238. Nondepletable sources. <--
13 Section 237 239. Documentation. <--
14 Chapter 3. Application of Standards: Establishment of
15 Committee and Penalties
16 Section 301. Modification of standards; criteria.
17 Section 302. Application of energy conservation standards.
18 Section 303. Energy conservation manual for buildings.
19 Section 304. Building Energy Conservation Committee.
20 Section 305. Certification.
21 Section 306. Variances.
22 Section 307. Building permits.
23 Section 308. Permits for use or occupancy.
24 Section 309. Failure to submit certification.
25 Section 310. Inspections.
26 Section 311. Appeals.
27 Section 312. Penalties.
28 Section 313. Enforcement.
29 Chapter 4. Department's Standard ADOPTION OF FUTURE STANDARDS <--
30 Section 401. Adoption and promulgation of standards.
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1 Section 402. Effective date.
2 The General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
3 hereby enacts as follows:
4 CHAPTER 1
5 GENERAL PROVISIONS
6 Section 101. Short title.
7 This act shall be known and may be cited as the "Building
8 Energy Conservation Act."
9 Section 102. Legislative findings and declaration of purpose.
10 (a) Findings.--The Legislature hereby determines that:
11 (1) Energy shortages in the domestic supply present far-
12 reaching problems that promise to persist. These energy
13 shortages affect the continued efficient operation of the
14 Commonwealth's economy and social structure.
15 (2) It is the Commonwealth's responsibility to provide
16 for energy conservation through regulation of design and
17 construction standards.
18 (3) The Legislature intends, by this act, to respond to
19 these shortages by devising a specific responsible energy
20 conservation policy for building systems.
21 (b) Purpose.--The purpose of this act is to grant to the
22 Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and direct it to exercise specific
23 authority in building construction to assure that such
24 construction is performed using materials and techniques that
25 will provide for energy conservation in the future operation and
26 maintenance of said structure.
27 Section 103. Definitions.
28 The following words and phrases when used in this act shall
29 have, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the
30 meanings given to them in this section:
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1 "Building." Any structure that provides facilities or
2 shelter for public assembly or for educational, business,
3 mercantile, institutional, warehouse or residential occupancy,
4 or industrial use including, but not limited to, those portions
5 of factory and industrial occupancy such as office space except
6 for:
7 (1) Buildings and structures or portions thereof whose
8 peak design rate of energy usage is less than one watt per
9 square foot or 3.4 BTU/hr per square foot of floor area for
10 all purposes.
11 (2) Structures or those portions of structures used for
12 manufacturing or processing and whose manufacturing or
13 processing procedures require the use of substantial heat
14 producing energy or cooling to create their product.
15 (3) Buildings which are neither heated nor cooled.
16 (4) Historic buildings.
17 "Construction." The erection, fabrication or renovation of a
18 building.
19 "Department." The Pennsylvania Department of Labor and
20 Industry except that for all units subject to the act of May 11,
21 1972 (P.L.286, No.70), known as the "Industrialized Housing
22 Act," and all buildings classified as Use Group R-3, herein,
23 department means the Pennsylvania Department of Community
24 Affairs.
25 "Design." Calculations and resultant drawings and
26 specifications which are used for the construction of a
27 building.
28 "Historic building." Any building determined by the State
29 Historic Preservation Officer to meet the criteria for listing
30 on the National Register of Historic Places but only to the
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1 extent that compliance with this act would prevent preservation
2 of the historic or architectural integrity of the building.
3 "Licensed design professional." A person licensed as an
4 architect or professional engineer pursuant to the appropriate
5 licensure act.
6 "Life-cycle cost." The cost of a building including its
7 initial cost, the cost of the energy consumed over its economic
8 life and the cost of its operation and maintenance.
9 "Performance standards." Parameters within which designers
10 of buildings shall work. The specific practices that a designer
11 employs shall not be prescribed as long as the result is within
12 the parameters established by the standards.
13 "Renovation." (a) The rehabilitation of an existing
14 building which requires more than 25% of the gross floor area or
15 volume of the entire building to be rebuilt; or
16 (b) any addition to an existing building: Provided, however,
17 That the provisions of this act shall only apply to such
18 addition and not to the entire building.
19 CHAPTER 2
20 ENERGY CONSERVATION STANDARDS
21 Section 201. Provisions.
22 The following provisions regulate the design and construction
23 of the exterior envelopes and selection of HVAC, service water
24 heating, electrical distribution, and illumination systems and
25 equipment required for the purpose of effective use of energy
26 and shall govern the construction of all buildings, or portions
27 thereof, as provided herein.
28 SUBCHAPTER A
29 PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS
30 Section 202. Submission.
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1 Plans, specifications, necessary computations and any changes
2 thereto together with the necessary certification required by
3 section 305 shall be submitted to indicate conformance with this
4 chapter and other applicable chapters of this act.
5 Section 203. Contents.
6 The plans and specifications shall show in sufficient detail
7 all pertinent data and features of the building and the
8 equipment and systems as herein governed, including but not
9 limited to: exterior envelope component materials, U values of
10 elements, R values of insulating materials, size and type of
11 apparatus and equipment, equipment and system controls and other
12 pertinent data to indicate conformance with the requirements
13 herein.
14 SUBCHAPTER B
15 DEFINITIONS RELATING TO
16 ENERGY CONSERVATION STANDARDS
17 Section 204. Definitions relating to standards.
18 The following words and phrases when used in this chapter
19 shall have, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the
20 meanings given to them in this section:
21 "Coefficient of beam utilization" (CBU). The ratio of the
22 luminous flux (lumens) reaching a specified area directly from a
23 floodlight or projector to the total beam luminous flux.
24 "Coefficient of performance" (COP) - cooling. The ratio of
25 the rate of net heat removal to the rate of total energy input,
26 expressed in consistent units and under designated rating
27 conditions.
28 "Coefficient of performance" (COP) - heat pump, heating. The
29 ratio of the rate of net heat output to the rate of total energy
30 input, expressed in consistent units and under designated rating
19770H0552B2503 - 7 -
1 conditions.
2 The rate of net heat output shall be defined as the change in
3 the total heat contents of the air entering and leaving the
4 equipment not including supplementary heat.
5 Total energy input shall be determined by combining the
6 energy inputs to all elements, except supplementary heaters, of
7 the heat pump, including, but not limited to, compressors,
8 pumps, supply air fans, return air fans, outdoor air fans,
9 cooling tower fans and the heating, ventilating and air
10 conditioning system equipment control circuit.
11 "Coefficient of utilization" (CU). The ratio of the luminous
12 flux (lumens) from a luminaire received on the work plane to the
13 lumens emitted by the luminaire's lamps alone.
14 "Color rendition." General expression for the effect of a
15 light source on the color. Appearance of objects in conscious or
16 subconscious comparison with their color appearance under a
17 reference light source.
18 "Degree day, heating." A unit, based upon temperature
19 difference and time, used in estimating fuel consumption and
20 specifying nominal heating load of a building in winter. For any
21 one day, when the mean temperature is less than 65 F., there
22 exist as many degree days as there are Fahrenheit degrees
23 difference in temperature between the mean temperature for the
24 day and 65 F.
25 "Energy efficiency ratio" (EER). The ratio of net cooling
26 capacity in Btuh to total rate of electric input in watts under
27 designated operating conditions.
28 "Equivalent sphere illumination" (ESI). The level of sphere
29 illumination which would produce task visibility equivalent to
30 that produced by a specific lighting environment.
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1 "Exterior envelope." The elements of a building which
2 enclose conditioned spaces through which thermal energy may be
3 transferred to or from the exterior.
4 "Floodlighting." A lighting system designated to light an
5 area using projector type luminaires usually capable of being
6 pointed in any direction.
7 "Floor area, gross." Gross floor area shall be the floor
8 area within the perimeter of the outside walls of the building
9 under consideration, without deduction for hallways, stairs,
10 closets, thickness of walls, columns or other features.
11 "Illumination." The density of the luminous flux incident on
12 a surface. It is the quotient of the luminous flux by the area
13 of the surface when the latter is uniformly illuminated.
14 "Light loss factor" (LLF). A factor used in calculating the
15 level of illumination after a given period of time and under
16 given conditions. It takes into account temperature and voltage
17 variations, dirt accumulation on luminaire and room surfaces,
18 lamp depreciation, maintenance procedures and atmosphere
19 conditions.
20 "Luminaire." A complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp
21 or lamps together with the parts designed to distribute the
22 light, to position and protect the lamps and to connect the
23 lamps to the power supply.
24 "Packaged terminal air conditioner." A factory selected
25 combination of heating and cooling components, assemblies or
26 sections, intended to serve a room or zone.
27 "Power." In connection with machines, power is the time rate
28 of doing work. In connection with the transmission of energy of
29 all types, power refers to the rate at which energy is
30 transmitted; in customary units, it is measured in watts (W) or
19770H0552B2503 - 9 -
1 British thermal units per hour (Btuh) and in SI units is
2 measured in watts (W).
3 "Reflectance." The ratio of the light reflected by a surface
4 to the light falling upon it.
5 "Reheat." The application of sensible heat to supply air
6 that has been previously cooled below the temperature of the
7 conditioned space by either mechanical refrigeration or the
8 introduction of outdoor air to provide cooling.
9 "Residential buildings." All buildings and structures or
10 parts thereof shall be classified in the residential (R) use
11 group in which families or households live, or in which sleeping
12 accommodations are provided for individuals with or without
13 dining facilities, excluding those that are classified as
14 institutional buildings. Residential buildings shall be
15 classified as follows:
16 (1) Use group R-1 structures. This use group shall include
17 all hotel and motel buildings, lodging houses, boarding houses
18 and dormitory buildings arranged for the shelter and sleeping
19 accommodation of more than 20 individuals.
20 (2) Use group R-2 structures. This use group shall include
21 all multiple-family dwellings having more than two dwelling
22 units; and shall also include all dormitories, boarding and
23 lodging houses arranged for shelter and sleeping accommodation
24 by more than five and not more than 20 individuals.
25 (3) Use group R-3 structures. This use group shall include
26 all buildings arranged for the use of one or two family dwelling
27 units including not more than five lodgers or boarders per
28 family.
29 "Resistance, thermal" (R). A measure of the ability to
30 retard the flow of heat. The R value is the reciprocal of a heat
19770H0552B2503 - 10 -
1 transfer coefficient, as expressed by U. (R = 1/U).
2 "Thermal transmittance" (U). Overall coefficient of heat
3 transmission or thermal transmittance (air to air) expressed in
4 units of BTU per hour per square foot per degree F. It is the
5 time rate of heat flow. The U value applies to combinations of
6 different materials used in series along the heat flow path and
7 also to single materials that comprise a building section and
8 include cavity air spaces and surface air films on both sides.
9 "Thermal transmittance" (Uo). Overall (average) heat
10 transmission or thermal transmittance of a gross area of the
11 exterior building envelope, expressed in units of BTU per hour
12 per square foot per degree F.
13 The Uo value applies to the combined effect of the time rate
14 of heat flows through the various parallel paths, such as
15 windows, doors and opaque construction areas, comprising the
16 gross area of one or more exterior building components, such as
17 walls, floor or roof/ceiling.
18 "Thermostat." An instrument which measures changes in
19 temperature and controls devices for maintaining a desired
20 temperature.
21 "Veiling reflections." Regular reflections superimposed upon
22 diffuse reflections from an object that partially or totally
23 obscure the details to be seen by reducing the contrast. This
24 sometimes is called "reflected glare."
25 "Work plane." The plane at which work usually is done and at
26 which the illumination is specified and measured. Unless
27 otherwise indicated, this is assumed to be a horizontal plane 30
28 in. (0.76 m) above the floor.
29 "Zone." A space or group of spaces within a building with
30 heating or cooling requirements sufficiently similar so that
19770H0552B2503 - 11 -
1 comfort conditions can be maintained throughout by a single
2 controlling device.
3 SUBCHAPTER C
4 BUILDING ENVELOPE
5 Section 205. General provisions.
6 (a) Purpose of subchapter.--The intent of this subchapter is
7 to provide minimum requirements for exterior envelope
8 construction in the interest of energy conservation.
9 In addition to the criteria set forth in this subchapter the
10 proposed design may take into consideration the thermal mass of
11 the building in considering energy conservation.
12 (b) Thermal performance.--All buildings and structures that
13 are heated or mechanically cooled shall be constructed so as to
14 provide the required thermal performance of the various
15 components.
16 The required thermal transmittance value (Uo) of any one
17 component, such as roof/ceiling, wall or floor may be increased
18 and the Uo value for other components decreased provided that
19 the overall heat gain or loss for the entire building envelope
20 does not exceed the total resulting from conformance to the
21 required Uo values.
22 (c) Different requirements.--A building that is designed to
23 be both heated and cooled shall meet the more stringent of the
24 heating or cooling requirements of the exterior envelope as
25 provided in this subchapter when requirements differ.
26 (d) Exterior walls.--For the purpose of this subchapter the
27 gross area of exterior walls consists of all opaque wall areas,
28 including foundation walls above grade, peripheral edges of
29 floors, window areas including sash, and door areas, where such
30 surfaces are exposed to outdoor air and enclose a heated or
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1 mechanically cooled space.
2 (e) Roof assembly.--For the purpose of this subchapter a
3 roof assembly shall be considered as all components of the
4 roof/ceiling envelope through which heat flows, thereby creating
5 a building transmission heat loss or gain, where such assembly
6 is exposed to outdoor air and encloses a heated or mechanically
7 cooled space.
8 The gross area of a roof assembly consists of the total
9 interior surface of such assembly, including skylights, exposed
10 to the heated or mechanically cooled space.
11 Where air ceiling plenums are employed, the roof or ceiling
12 assembly shall:
13 (1) For thermal transmittance purposes not include the
14 ceiling proper nor the plenum space as part of the assembly.
15 (2) For gross area purposes be based upon the interior
16 face of the upper plenum surface.
17 Section 206. Criteria for residential buildings.
18 (a) Applicability.--The requirements herein shall apply to
19 all buildings and structures or portions thereof of use groups
20 R-1, R-2 and R-3 that are heated or mechanically cooled when not
21 more than 3 stories or 40 feet in height.
22 (b) Walls.--The gross area of exterior walls above grade,
23 including foundation walls, shall have a combined thermal
24 transmittance value (Uo) not exceeding those specified in Table
25 1.
26 Table 1
27 Maximum Allowable "Uo" Values for
28 Gross Exterior Wall Assemblies
29 Detached All other
30 Annual heating degree days* one & two family residential
19770H0552B2503 - 13 -
1 4000 0.25 0.31
2 5000 0.23 0.29
3 6000 0.22 0.27
4 7000 0.20 0.26
5 *As specified in Chapter 43 ASHRAE Handbook-Systems.
6 (c) Roof/ceiling.--The roof/ceiling assemblies shall have a
7 combined thermal transmittance value (Uo) not to exceed 0.05
8 except that roof/ceiling assemblies in which the finished
9 interior surface is essentially the underside of the roof deck,
10 such as a wooden cathedral ceiling, may have a "Uo" value not to
11 exceed 0.08. These values presume no significant thermal
12 transmission through framing members, skylights or other
13 interruptions in the roof envelope. If such interruptions occur,
14 calculations must be made showing conformance to the required
15 "Uo" values.
16 (d) Floors over unheated spaces.--The floor of a heated or
17 mechanically cooled space located over an unheated space shall
18 have a combined thermal transmittance value (Uo) not to exceed
19 0.08.
20 (e) Slab-on grade floors.--
21 (1) For slab-on grade floors, the perimeter of the floor
22 shall be insulated with a material having a thermal
23 resistance value (R) not less than those specified in Table
24 2.
25 Table 2
26 Minimum Allowable "R" Values of Perimeter
27 Insulation for Slab-On Grade Floors
28 Annual heating degree days Heated slab Unheated slab
29 4000* 5.5 3.5
30 5000 6.3 4.2
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1 6000 7.0 4.9
2 7000 7.8 5.5
3 *Table values may be interpolated.
4 (2) The insulation shall extend downward from the top of
5 the slab for a minimum distance of 24 inches or downward to
6 the bottom of the slab then horizontally beneath the slab for
7 a minimum total distance of 24 inches.
8 Section 207. Other buildings.
9 (a) Coverage.--The heating and cooling requirements herein
10 shall govern all buildings and structures or portions thereof
11 other than defined by section 206.
12 (b) Heating criteria for walls.--All buildings and
13 structures that are heated shall have a combined thermal
14 transmittance value (Uo) for the gross area of exterior walls
15 not exceeding those specified in Table 3.
16 Table 3
17 Maximum Allowable "Uo" Values
18 for Gross Exterior Wall Assemblies
19 3 stories or More than
20 Annual heating degree days 40 ft. or less 3 stories or
21 40 ft.
22 4000 0.31 0.38
23 5000 0.29 0.36
24 6000 0.27 0.33
25 7000 0.26 0.31
26 (c) Heating criteria for roof/ceiling.--All buildings and
27 structures that are heated shall have combined thermal
28 transmittance value (Uo) for roof/ceiling assemblies not
29 exceeding those specified in Table 4.
30 Table 4
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1 Maximum Allowable "Uo" Values
2 for Roof/Ceiling Assemblies
3 Annual heating degree days Maximum Uo
4 4000* 0.092
5 5000 0.084
6 6000 0.076
7 7000 0.068
8 *Table values may be interpolated.
9 (d) Heating criteria for floors over unheated spaces.--The
10 floor of a heated space located over an unheated space shall
11 have a thermal transmittance value (Uo) not exceeding 0.08.
12 (e) Heating criteria for slab-on grade floors.--For slab-on
13 grade floors, the perimeter of the floor shall be insulated with
14 a material having a thermal resistance value (R) not less than
15 those specified in Table 5.
16 The insulation shall extend downward from the top of the slab
17 for a minimum distance of 24 inches or downward to the bottom of
18 the slab then horizontally beneath the slab for a minimum total
19 distance of 24 inches.
20 Table 5
21 Minimum Allowable "R" Values of Perimeter
22 Insulation for Slab-On Grade Floors
23 Annual heating degree days Heated slab Unheated slab
24 4000* 5.5 3.5
25 5000 6.3 4.2
26 6000 7.0 4.9
27 7000 7.8 5.5
28 *Table values may be interpolated.
29 (f) Cooling criteria for walls.--All buildings and
30 structures that are mechanically cooled shall have an overall
19770H0552B2503 - 16 -
1 thermal transfer value for the gross area of exterior walls not
2 exceeding 33.5 BTU's per hour per square foot based on the
3 following equation:
4 OTTV = (Uw x Aw X TDEQ) + (Af x Sf x Sc) + (Uf x Af x Delta T)
5 Ao
6 OTTV = Overall thermal transfer value where:
7 Uw = The thermal transmittance of all elements of the opaque
8 wall area Btu/h. ft2.F (W/m2K)
9 Aw = Opaque wall area, ft2 (m2)
10 Uf = The thermal transmittance of the fenestration area
11 Btu/h. ft2.F (W/m2K)
12 Af = Fenestration area, ft2 (m2)
13 TDEQ = Value given in the following table,F, (c):
14 TABLE FOR TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE
15 Wall Construction-mass per unit area TDEQ
16 LB/FT2 Kg/m2 F C
17 0-25 0-125 44 24.5
18 26-40 126-195 37 21.0
19 41-70 196-345 30 17.0
20 71 and above 346 and above 23 13.0
21 Weight of wall construction shall be determined from the
22 1972 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, Chapter 22.
23 Sc = Shading coefficient of the fenestration
24 Delta T = Temperature difference between exterior and interior
25 design conditions, F, for which the following
26 temperatures shall apply:
27 Indoor Outdoor
28 F C
29 Winter 72 22.0 97 1/2%*
30 Summer 78 25.5 2 1/2%*
19770H0552B2503 - 17 -
1 * Values from 1972 ASHRAE Handbook of
2 Fundamentals, Chapter 33.
3 SF = Solar factor value given Btu/h.ft2 (W/m2).
4 (use 127 Btu/h.ft2)
5 AO = Gross area of exterior walls, ft2 (m2). The gross
6 area of exterior walls consists of all opaque wall
7 areas (including foundation walls, between floor span-
8 drels, peripheral edges of floors, etc.), window
9 areas (including sash), and door areas, where such
10 surfaces are exposed to outdoor air and enclose a
11 heated and/or mechanically cooled space (including
12 intersticial areas between two such spaces).
13 Note: Where more than one type of wall and/or fenestration
14 is used, the respective term or terms shall be expanded
15 into sub-elements, as:
16 (Uw x Aw x TDEQ) + (Uw2 x Aw2 x TDEQ2), etc.
17 (g) Cooling criteria for roof/ceilings.--All buildings and
18 structures that are mechanically cooled shall have a combined
19 thermal transmittance value (Uo) for roof/ceiling assemblies the
20 same as specified in Table 4 for heating.
21 Section 208. Air leakage.
22 (a) Application.--The requirements of this section shall
23 apply to all buildings and structures and apply only to those
24 locations separating outdoor ambient conditions from interior
25 spaces that are heated or mechanically cooled and are not
26 applicable to separation of interior spaces from each other.
27 (b) Standard.--Compliance with the criteria for air leakage
28 shall be determined by ASTM E-283, Standard Method of Test for
29 Rate of Air Leakage through Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls and
30 Doors, at a pressure differential of 1.567 lb/ft2 which is
19770H0552B2503 - 18 -
1 equivalent to the effect of a 25 m.p.h. wind.
2 (c) Acceptance criteria.--The following criteria shall
3 represent the maximum allowable air leakage:
4 (1) The air infiltration rate for windows shall not
5 exceed 0.5 cfm per foot of sash crack.
6 (2) The air infiltration rate for sliding glass doors in
7 residential buildings shall not exceed 0.5 cfm per square
8 foot of door area.
9 (3) The air infiltration rate for swinging doors in
10 residential buildings shall not exceed 1.25 cfm per square
11 foot of door area.
12 (4) The air infiltration rate for swinging, revolving or
13 sliding doors in other than residential buildings shall not
14 exceed 11 cfm per lineal foot of door crack.
15 (d) Caulking and sealants.--Exterior joints around windows
16 and door frames, between wall cavities and window or door
17 frames, between wall and foundation, between wall and roof,
18 between wall panels, at penetrations or utility services through
19 walls, floors and roofs, and all other openings in the exterior
20 envelope shall be caulked, gasketed, weatherstripped, or
21 otherwise sealed.
22 SUBCHAPTER D
23 WARM AIR HEATING, VENTILATING AND AIR CONDITIONING
24 SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT
25 Section 209. General provisions.
26 This subchapter applies to air duct systems employing
27 mechanical means for the movement of air used for warm air
28 heating, ventilating, air conditioning systems, exhaust systems
29 and combination heating and air conditioning systems, except
30 that this subchapter shall not apply to systems for the removal
19770H0552B2503 - 19 -
1 of flammable vapors or residues or to systems for conveying
2 dust, stock or refuse by means of air currents. Heating,
3 ventilating and air conditioning systems of all buildings and
4 structures or portions thereof shall be designed and installed
5 for efficient use of energy as herein provided. For special
6 applications such as hospitals, laboratories, thermally
7 sensitive equipment, computer rooms, and manufacturing
8 processes, the design concepts and parameters shall conform to
9 the requirements of the application at minimum energy levels.
10 Section 210. Design requirements.
11 In determining design conditions for calculations under this
12 section the following design temperatures shall apply:
13 (1) Outdoor design temperature shall be selected for
14 listed locations in Chapter 33 of the ASHRAE Handbook of
15 Fundamentals, from columns of 97 1/2% values for heating and
16 2 1/2% values for cooling.
17 (2) Indoor design temperature shall be 70 degrees F. for
18 heating and 78 degrees F. for cooling.
19 (3) Indoor design relative humidity for heating shall
20 not exceed 30%. For cooling, the actual design relative
21 humidity within the comfort envelope as defined in ASHRAE
22 Standard 55-74 "Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human
23 Occupancy" shall be selected for the minimum total heating,
24 ventilating, and air conditioning system energy use.
25 Section 211. Cooling with outdoor air.
26 (a) Fan system design.--Each fan system shall be designed to
27 use up to and including 100% of the fan system capacity for
28 cooling with outdoor air automatically whenever its use will
29 result in lower usage of energy than would be required under its
30 normal operation.
19770H0552B2503 - 20 -
1 (b) Exceptions.--Cooling with outdoor air is not required
2 under any one or more of the following conditions:
3 (1) Fan system capacity less than 5,000 Cfm or 134,000
4 Btu/Hr total cooling capacity.
5 (2) The quality of the outdoor air is so poor as to
6 require extensive treatment of the air.
7 (3) The need for humidification or dehumidification
8 requires the use of more energy than is conserved by outdoor
9 air cooling.
10 (4) The use of outdoor air cooling may affect the
11 operation of other systems (such as return or exhaust air
12 fans or supermarket refrigeration) so as to increase the
13 overall energy consumption of the building.
14 (5) Internal/external zone heat recovery or other energy
15 recovery is used.
16 (6) When all space cooling is accomplished by a
17 circulating liquid which transfers space heat directly or
18 indirectly to a heat rejection device such as a cooling tower
19 without the use of a refrigeration system.
20 Section 212. Mechanical ventilation.
21 Each mechanical ventilation system shall be equipped with a
22 readily accessible means for either shut-off or volume reduction
23 and shut-off when ventilation is not required.
24 Section 213. Simultaneous heating and cooling.
25 Systems that employ both heating and cooling simultaneously
26 in order to achieve comfort conditions within a space shall be
27 limited to those situations where more efficient methods of
28 heating and air conditioning cannot be effectively utilized to
29 meet system objectives. Simultaneous heating and cooling by
30 reheating or recooling supply air or by concurrent operation or
19770H0552B2503 - 21 -
1 independent heating and cooling systems serving a common zone
2 shall be restricted as specified herein.
3 Section 214. Recovered energy.
4 Recovered energy, provided the new energy expended in the
5 recovery process is less than the amount recovered, may be used
6 for control of temperature and humidity. New energy is defined
7 as energy, other than recovered, utilized for the purpose of
8 heating or cooling.
9 Section 215. New energy.
10 (a) Prevention of excess humidity.--New energy may be used,
11 when necessary, to prevent relative humidity from rising above
12 60% for comfort control or to prevent condensation on terminal
13 units or outlets.
14 (b) Control of temperature.--New energy may be used for
15 control of temperature if minimized as specified in sections 216
16 through 220.
17 Section 216. Reheat systems.
18 Systems employing reheat and serving multiple zones, other
19 than those employing variable air volume for temperature
20 control, shall be provided with control that will automatically
21 reset the system cold air supply to the highest temperature
22 level that will satisfy the zone requiring the coolest air.
23 Single zone reheat systems shall be controlled to sequence
24 reheat and cooling.
25 Section 217. Dual duct and multizone systems.
26 These systems shall be provided with control that will
27 automatically reset the cold deck air supply to the highest
28 temperature that will satisfy the zone requiring the coolest air
29 and the hot deck air supply to the lowest temperature that will
30 satisfy the zone requiring the warmest air.
19770H0552B2503 - 22 -
1 Section 218. Recooling systems.
2 Systems in which heated air is recooled directly or
3 indirectly, to maintain space temperature, shall be provided
4 with control that will automatically reset the temperature to
5 which the supply air is heated to the lowest level that will
6 satisfy the zone requiring the warmest air.
7 Section 219. Multiple zones.
8 For systems with multiple zones, one or more zones may be
9 chosen to represent a number of zones with similar heating or
10 cooling characteristics. A multiple zone heating, ventilating
11 and air conditioning system that employs reheating or recooling
12 for control of not more than 5,000 Cfm or 20% of the total
13 supply air of the system, whichever is less, shall be exempt
14 from the supply air temperature reset requirements of sections
15 216 through 218.
16 Section 220. Concurrent operation.
17 Concurrent operation of independent heating and cooling
18 systems serving common spaces, and requiring the use of new
19 energy for heating or cooling shall be minimized by one or both
20 of the following:
21 (1) By providing sequential temperature control of both
22 heating and cooling capacity in each zone.
23 (2) By limiting the heating energy input, through
24 automatic reset control of the heating medium temperature (or
25 energy input rate), to only that necessary to offset heat
26 loss due to transmission and infiltration and, where
27 applicable, to heat the ventilation air supply to the space.
28 Section 221. Equipment performance requirements.
29 (a) Application.--The requirements of this section apply to
30 equipment and component performance for heating, ventilating and
19770H0552B2503 - 23 -
1 air conditioning systems. Where equipment efficiency levels are
2 specified, data furnished by the equipment supplier or certified
3 under a nationally recognized certification program or rating
4 procedure shall be used to satisfy these requirements.
5 (b) Systems equipment - electrical.--Heating ventilating and
6 air conditioning systems equipment whose energy input in the
7 cooling mode is entirely electric shall show a coefficient of
8 performance (COP) and energy efficiency ratio (EER) not less
9 than the values specified in Table 6. These requirements apply
10 to, but are not limited to, unitary cooling equipment (air and
11 water source); packaged air conditioners; and room air
12 conditioners. These requirements do not apply to equipment used
13 in areas having open refrigerated food display cases. For
14 determining coefficient of performance (COP), the rate of net
15 heat removal shall be defined as the change in the total heat
16 contents of the air entering and leaving the equipment (without
17 reheat). Total energy input shall be determined by combining the
18 energy inputs to all elements of the equipment, including but
19 not limited to, compressors, pumps, supply-air fans, cooling
20 tower fans and the system equipment control circuit.
21 Table 6
22 Minimum EER and COP for Electric Heating, Ventilating
23 and Air Conditioning System Equipment
24 Standard rating capacity EER COP
25 Under 65,000 Btu/hr (19,050 watts) 6.1 1.8
26 65,000 Btu/hr (19,050 watts) and over 6.8 2.0
27 (c) Other system equipment.--Heat operated cooling equipment
28 shall show a coefficient of performance (COP) in the cooling
29 mode not less than the values specified in Table 7. These
30 requirements apply to, but are not limited to, absorption,
19770H0552B2503 - 24 -
1 engine-driven and turbine-driven equipment. The coefficient of
2 performance (COP) is determined excluding the electrical
3 auxiliary inputs.
4 Table 7
5 Minimum COP for Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning
6 System Heat Operated Cooling Equipment
7 Heat source Minimum COP
8 Direct fired (gas, oil) 0.40
9 Indirect fired (steam, hot water) 0.65
10 (d) System components.--Heating, ventilating and air
11 conditioning system components whose energy input in the cooling
12 mode is entirely electric shall show a coefficient of
13 performance (COP) and energy efficiency ratio (EER) not less
14 than the values specified in Table 8. For determining
15 coefficient of performance (COP), the rate of heat removal is
16 defined as the difference in total heat contents of the water or
17 refrigerant entering or leaving the component. Total energy
18 input shall be determined by combining the energy inputs to all
19 elements and accessories of the component, including but not
20 limited to, compressors, internal circulating pumps, condenser-
21 air fans, evaporative-condenser cooling heater pumps, purge, and
22 the component control circuit.
23 Table 8
24 Minimum COP for Electrically Driven Heating, Ventilating
25 and Air Conditioning System Components
26 Component Condensing means Air Water Evaporation
27 ERR COP EER COP EER COP
28 Self-contained Centrifugal 7.5 2.2 12.9 3.8
29 water chillers
30 Positive
19770H0552B2503 - 25 -
1 displacement 7.2 2.1 10.9 3.2
2 Condenserless Positive
3 water chillers displacement 8.9 2.6 10.9 3.2
4 Compressor and
5 condenser units Positive
6 65,000 Btu/hr. displacement 7.8 2.3 11.3 3.3 11.3 3.3
7 (19,050 watts)
8 and over
9 (e) Heat pumps.--Heat pumps whose energy input is entirely
10 electric shall show a coefficient of performance (COP), heating,
11 not less than the values specified in Table 9.
12 Table 9
13 Minimum COP for Heat Pumps, Heating Mode
14 Source and outdoor temperature (degree F.) Minimum COP
15 Air source--47 DB/43 WB 2.2
16 Air source--17 DB/15 WB 1.2
17 Water source--60 entering 2.2
18 (f) Supplementary heater.--The heat pump shall be installed
19 with a control to prevent supplementary heater operation when
20 the heating load can be met by the heat pump alone.
21 Supplementary heater operation is permitted during transient
22 periods, such as start-ups, following room thermostat setpoint
23 advance, and during defrost. A two-stage room thermostat, which
24 controls the supplementary heat on its second stage, shall be
25 accepted as meeting this requirement. The cut-on temperature for
26 the compression heating shall be higher than the cut-on
27 temperature for the supplementary heat, and the cut-off
28 temperature for the compression heating shall be higher than the
29 cut-off temperature for the supplementary heat. Supplementary
30 heat may be derived from any source of electric resistance
19770H0552B2503 - 26 -
1 heating or combustion heating.
2 (g) Combustion heating equipment.--All gas and oilfired
3 comfort heating equipment shall show a minimum combustion
4 efficiency of 75% at maximum rated output. Combustion efficiency
5 shall be determined in accordance with the ASHRAE Standard 90.
6 Section 222. Duct insulation.
7 (a) Insulation.--All duct systems, or portions thereof,
8 exposed to nonconditioned spaces shall be insulated to provide a
9 thermal resistance, excluding film resistance, of
10 ti - to
11 R = --------(hr) (sq.ft) (F)/BTU
12 15
13 where ti-to is the design temperature differential (absolute
14 value) between the air in the duct and the surrounding air with
15 the following exceptions. Duct insulation, except when needed to
16 prevent condensation, is not required in any of the following
17 cases:
18 (1) Where ti-to is 25 degrees F. or less.
19 (2) When the heat gain or loss of the ducts, without
20 insulation, will not increase the energy requirements of the
21 building.
22 (3) Exhaust air ducts.
23 (4) Supply or return air ducts installed in crawl spaces
24 with insulated walls, basements or cellars in one and two-
25 family dwellings.
26 (b) Vapor barriers.--Where required to prevent condensation,
27 insulation with vapor barriers shall be installed in addition to
28 insulation required above.
29 Section 223. System controls.
30 (a) Application.--All heating, ventilating and air
19770H0552B2503 - 27 -
1 conditioning systems shall be provided controls as specified
2 herein.
3 (b) Temperature.--Each heating, ventilating and air
4 conditioning system shall be provided with at least one
5 thermostat for the regulation of temperature. Each thermostat
6 shall be capable of being set from 55 degrees F. to 75 degrees
7 F. where used to control heating only and from 70 degrees F. to
8 85 degrees F. where used to control cooling only. Where used to
9 control both heating and cooling it shall be capable of being
10 set from 55 degrees F. to 85 degrees F. and shall be capable of
11 operating the system heating and cooling in sequence. It shall
12 be adjustable to provide a temperature range of up to 10 degrees
13 F. between full heating and full cooling, except as allowed in
14 section 220.
15 (c) Humidity.--If a heating, ventilating and air
16 conditioning system is equipped with a means for adding moisture
17 to maintain specific selected relative humidities in spaces or
18 zones, a humidistat shall be provided. This device shall be
19 capable of being set to prevent new energy from being used to
20 produce space relative humidity above 30% R.H. Where a
21 humidistat is used in a heating, ventilating and air
22 conditioning system for controlling moisture removal to maintain
23 specific selected relative humidities in spaces or zones, it
24 shall be capable of being set to prevent new energy from being
25 used to produce a space relative humidity below 60%.
26 (d) Temperature zoning.--
27 (1) In all buildings and structures of use group R-3, at
28 least one thermostat for regulation of space temperature
29 shall be provided for each separate heating, ventilating and
30 air conditioning system. In addition, a readily accessible
19770H0552B2503 - 28 -
1 manual or automatic means shall be provided to partially
2 restrict or shut-off the heating or cooling input to each
3 zone or floor, excluding unheated or uncooled basements and
4 garages.
5 (2) In all buildings and structures of use group R-2,
6 each individual dwelling unit shall be considered separately
7 and shall meet the requirements for one and two-family
8 dwellings above.
9 (3) In all buildings and structures other than use group
10 R-3 and in spaces other than dwelling units in use group R-2,
11 at least one thermostat for regulation of space temperature
12 shall be provided for each separate heating, ventilating and
13 air conditioning system and for each floor of the building.
14 (e) Set-back and shut-off.--
15 (1) In all buildings and structures, or portions thereof
16 of use group R-3, the thermostat, or an alternate means such
17 as a switch or a clock, shall provide a readily accessible,
18 manual or automatic means for reducing the energy required
19 for heating and cooling during periods of nonuse or reduced
20 need.
21 (2) In all other buildings and structures, or portions
22 thereof each heating, ventilating and air conditioning system
23 shall be equipped with a readily accessible means of reducing
24 the energy used for heating, ventilating and air conditioning
25 during periods of nonuse or alternate uses of the building
26 spaces or zones served by the system, such as with manually
27 adjustable automatic timing devices, manual devices for use
28 by operating personnel, or automatic control systems.
29 (3) Lowering thermostat set points to reduce energy
30 consumption of heating systems shall not cause energy to be
19770H0552B2503 - 29 -
1 expended to reach the reduced setting.
2 Section 224. Steam and hot water heating piping.
3 (a) Piping insulation.--All piping serving as part of a
4 heating or cooling system installed to serve buildings and
5 within buildings shall be thermally insulated as shown in Table
6 10.
7 Table 10
8 Minimum Pipe Insulation
9 Insulation thickness in inches
10 Fluid for pipe sizes
11 Piping temperature
12 system range, Runouts 1" and 1 1/4- 2 1/2- 5& 8" and
13 types F. up to 2" less 2 4 6 larger
14 Heating systems
15 Steam &
16 hot water
17 High pressure/
18 temp 306-450 1 1/2 1 1/2 2 2 1/2 3 1/2 3 1/2
19 Med. pressure/
20 temp 251-305 1 1/2 1 1/2 2 2 1/2 3 3
21 Low pressure/
22 temp 201-250 1 1 1 1/2 1 1/2 2 2
23 Low tem-
24 perature 120-200 1/2 3/4 1 1 1 1 1/2
25 Steam con-
26 densate Any 1 1 1 1 1/2 1 1/2 2
27 (for feed
28 water)
29 Cooling systems
30 Chilled
19770H0552B2503 - 30 -
1 water, 40-55 1/2 1/2 3/4 1 1 1
2 Refrigerant,
3 or brine Below 40 1 1 1 1/2 1 1/2 1 1/2 1 1/2
4 Insulation thicknesses are based on insulation having thermal
5 resistances in the range of 4.0 to 4.6 per inch of thickness on
6 a flat surface at a mean temperature of 75 degrees F. Minimum
7 insulation thickness shall be increased for materials having R
8 values less than 4.0 or may be reduced for materials having R
9 values greater than 4.6 per inch of thickness as follows:
10 (b) High thermal resistance.--For materials with thermal
11 resistance greater than R=4.6, the minimum insulation thickness
12 may be reduced as follows:
13 4.6 x Table 10 Thickness = New Minimum Thickness
14 Actual R
15 (c) Low thermal resistance.--For materials with thermal
16 resistance less than R=4.0 the minimum insulation thickness
17 shall be increased as follows:
18 4.0 x Table 10 Thickness = New Minimum Thickness
19 Actual R
20 Piping insulation, except when needed to prevent condensation,
21 is not required in any of the following cases:
22 (1) Piping installed within heating, ventilating and air
23 conditioning equipment.
24 (2) Piping at temperatures between 55 degrees F. and 120
25 degrees F.
26 (3) When the heat loss or heat gain of the piping,
27 without insulation, does not increase the energy requirements
28 of the building.
29 (4) Piping installed in basements or cellars in one and
30 two-family dwellings.
19770H0552B2503 - 31 -
1 (d) Vapor barriers.--Where required to prevent condensation,
2 insulation with vapor barriers shall be installed in addition to
3 insulation required above.
4 SUBCHAPTER E
5 PLUMBING SYSTEMS
6 Section 225. Purpose.
7 This subchapter sets forth provisions for design and
8 equipment selection for energy conservation in service water
9 heating systems.
10 Section 226. Fixtures.
11 (a) Lavatories.--Lavatories in restrooms of public
12 facilities shall be equipped with self-closing outlet devices
13 which limit the flow of hot water to a maximum of 0.5 Gpm,
14 devices which limit the outlet temperature to a maximum of 110
15 degrees F. and selfclosing valves which limit the quantity of
16 hot water to a maximum of 0.25 gallons.
17 (b) Showers.--Showers used for other than safety reasons
18 shall be equipped with flow control devices to limit total flow
19 to a maximum of 3 Gpm per shower head.
20 Section 227. Insulation.
21 (a) Piping insulation.--Piping in required return
22 circulation systems shall be insulated so that heat loss is
23 limited to a maximum of 25 Btuh per square foot of external pipe
24 surface for above ground piping and a maximum of 35 Btuh per
25 square foot of external pipe surface for underground piping.
26 Maximum heat loss shall be determined at a temperature
27 differential equal to the maximum water temperature minus a
28 design ambient temperature no higher than 65 degrees F. except
29 that conformance with table 10 for "low temperature piping
30 system" shall be deemed as complying with this section.
19770H0552B2503 - 32 -
1 (b) Tanks.--Unfired hot water storage tanks shall be
2 insulated so that heat loss is limited to a maximum of 15 Btuh
3 per square foot of external tank surface area. For purposes of
4 determining this heat loss, the design ambient temperature shall
5 be no higher than 65 degrees F.
6 Section 228. Equipment.
7 (a) Pump operation.--Circulating hot water systems shall be
8 arranged so that the circulating pump can be conveniently turned
9 off either automatically or manually when the hot water system
10 is not in operation.
11 (b) Electric water heaters.--All automatic electric storage
12 water heaters shall have a stand-by loss not exceeding 4 watts
13 per square foot of tank surface area. The method of test of
14 stand-by loss shall be as described in section 4.3.1 of ANSI
15 C72.1 Household Automatic Electrical Storage-Type Water Heaters.
16 (c) Gas and oil-fired water heaters.--All gas and oil-fired
17 automatic storage heaters shall have a recovery efficiency, ER,
18 not less than 75% and a stand-by loss percentage S, not
19 exceeding S=2.3+67/V where V=rated volume in gallons. The method
20 of test of ER and S shall be as described in section 2.7 of ANSI
21 Z21.10.3 Circulating Tank, Instantaneous and Large Automatic
22 Storage Type Water Heaters, Approval Requirements for Gas Water
23 Heaters.
24 Section 229. Controls.
25 (a) Temperature controls.--All hot water supply systems
26 shall be equipped with automatic temperature controls capable of
27 adjustments from the lowest to the highest acceptable
28 temperature settings for the intended use.
29 (b) Shut down.--A separate switch shall be provided to
30 terminate the energy supplied to electric hot water supply
19770H0552B2503 - 33 -
1 systems. A separate valve shall be provided to turn off the
2 energy supplied to the main burner of all other types of hot
3 water supply systems.
4 SUBCHAPTER F
5 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
6 Section 230. System requirements.
7 (a) Power factor.--The power factor of the overall
8 electrical distribution system in a building shall be not less
9 than 90% under rated design installed load of the building,
10 either by utilization equipment design or by the use of power
11 factor corrective devices. The power factor corrective devices
12 may be installed on individual equipment, rated greater than
13 1,000 watts and switched therewith, regionally grouped, located
14 at the service equipment or power factor correction achieved by
15 other equivalent means. The choice among these corrective
16 methods should be made based upon an engineering evaluation of
17 each distribution system.
18 (b) Service voltage.--Where a choice of service voltage is
19 available, the voltage resulting in the least energy loss shall
20 be used.
21 (c) Voltage drop.--In any building, the maximum total
22 voltage drop shall not exceed 3% in branch circuits or feeders,
23 for a total of 5% to the farthest outlet based on steady state
24 design load conditions.
25 (d) Lighting switching.--Switching shall be provided for
26 each lighting circuit, or for portions of each circuit, so that
27 the partial lighting required for custodial or for effective
28 complementary use with natural lighting may be operated
29 selectively.
30 (e) Separate metering.--In all multi-family dwellings
19770H0552B2503 - 34 -
1 provisions shall be made to determine the electrical energy
2 consumed by each tenant.
3 SUBCHAPTER G
4 LIGHTING
5 Section 231. Light power budget.
6 A lighting power budget is the upper limit of the power to be
7 available to provide the lighting needs in accordance with a
8 given set of criteria and given calculation procedure.
9 Section 232. Calculation methods.
10 The criteria specified below shall be utilized for
11 computation of the lighting power budget. All calculations shall
12 be in accordance with accepted engineering practice. When
13 insufficient information is known about the specific use of the
14 building space (e.g., number of occupants, space function,
15 location of partitions), the budget shall be based on the
16 apparent intended use of the building space.
17 Section 233. Building interiors.
18 (a) Procedure.--The allowable electric power for lighting
19 shall be established by using the criteria and the calculation
20 procedures specified in section 236. The value shall be based on
21 the use for which the space within the building is intended and
22 on efficient energy utilization.
23 (b) Illumination level criteria.--For the purpose of
24 establishing a budget, levels of illumination shall be those
25 listed in fig. 9-80 of the IES Lighting Handbook, and those
26 levels shall be used as follows:
27 (1) For task lighting, the levels of illumination listed
28 are for specific tasks. These levels are for the task areas
29 defined in the IES Lighting Handbook or, where not defined,
30 at all usable portions of task surfaces. In some cases, the
19770H0552B2503 - 35 -
1 levels of illumination are listed for locations (e.g.,
2 auditoriums). These levels are to be considered as average
3 levels.
4 (2) For general lighting, in areas surrounding task
5 locations, the average level of general lighting, for budget
6 purposes only, shall be one-third the level for the tasks
7 performed in the area but in no case less than 20-foot
8 candles. Where more than one task level occurs in a space,
9 the general level shall be one-third the weighted average of
10 the specific task levels.
11 (3) For noncritical lighting, in circulation and seating
12 areas, where no specific visual tasks occur, the average
13 level of illumination shall be one-third of the average
14 general lighting in the adjacent task spaces but in no case
15 less than ten-foot candles.
16 (4) For the purpose of establishing a power budget, only
17 lamp efficacies and coefficients of utilization (CU)
18 specified in Table 11, shall be assumed.
19 Section 234. Building exteriors.
20 (a) Basis on use.--In exterior spaces, the lighting power
21 budget shall be based on the use of which the space is intended
22 (for task performance, safety, or security) and on efficient
23 energy utilization.
24 (b) Criteria.--The same criteria as those for interior
25 spaces apply for illumination levels and lighting systems with
26 the addition of luminaires for flood lighting. For power budget
27 purposes floodlighting shall be selected with luminaires having
28 a greater percentage of their beam lumens restricted to the area
29 to be lighted. Such luminaires are defined as those with at
30 least the minimum efficiencies listed in the IES Lighting
19770H0552B2503 - 36 -
1 Handbook.
2 (c) Facade lighting.--Facade lighting for budget purposes
3 shall be no greater than 2% of the total interior load of the
4 building.
5 (d) Calculation procedure.--In establishing a lighting power
6 budget the following procedures shall be used:
7 (1) For overhead lighting the procedure specified in
8 section 236 shall be followed, but using reflectances as
9 found.
10 (2) For flood lighting the beam lumen method, as shows
11 in the IES Lighting Handbook and a coefficient of beam
12 utilization (CBU) of 0.75 shall be used for floodlighting
13 calculations.
14 Section 235. Exceptions to criteria.
15 (a) Interiors.--The criteria of section 233 shall not apply
16 to the following areas when calculating the load:
17 (1) Portions of residential occupancies except for
18 kitchens, bathrooms, and laundry areas and public spaces
19 including lobbies, halls, stairways, basement areas, and
20 utility rooms.
21 (2) Residential type spaces similar to those stated in
22 paragraph (1) in institutions, such as hospitals, hotels,
23 funeral homes, churches, museums, etc.
24 (3) Theater auditoriums, entertainment and audiovisual
25 presentations where the lighting is an essential technical
26 element for the function performed.
27 (b) Exteriors.--The criteria of section 234 shall not apply
28 to the following lamps and luminaries; however, their use shall
29 be accounted for in the calculation of task lighting loads for
30 specific tasks. The allowable load shall be based on the
19770H0552B2503 - 37 -
1 luminary wattage to achieve the levels of illumination as
2 covered in section 233 using a point calculation method given in
3 the IES Lighting Handbook. The excepted lamps and luminaires are
4 as follows:
5 (1) Luminaires for medical and dental purposes.
6 (2) Luminaires for highlighting applications, such as
7 sculpture exhibits, art exhibits, and individual items of
8 display merchandise.
9 (3) Luminaires for specialized lighting applications
10 (color matching, where electrical interference cannot be
11 tolerated, etc.).
12 (c) Control of reflectances.--The criteria of Table 11 shall
13 not apply in spaces where it is impractical to control
14 reflectances and where a dirty atmosphere cannot be avoided.
15 Where this condition exists, the values for reflectances and
16 light loss factors shall be those expected to be found and shall
17 be approved by the department. The calculation shall make a note
18 of this deviation.
19 Section 236. Calculation procedure.
20 (a) Illumination levels and areas.--To establish
21 illumination levels and areas, the following procedure shall be
22 used:
23 (1) Determine the visual tasks that are expected to be
24 performed in each space and the number of planned work
25 locations where tasks will be performed. If assumptions are
26 made, their bases shall be indicated.
27 (2) Select the illumination level, in foot-candles for
28 those expected tasks in accordance with section 233(b)(1).
29 (3) Calculate total task areas to be illuminated to the
30 same level by multiplying the number of work locations by 50
19770H0552B2503 - 38 -
1 square feet per work location. (Total task areas shall not
2 exceed actual total space area). If actual task area is
3 greater than 50 square feet the actual area shall be used. If
4 special task lighting or localized lighting is to be
5 employed, use the actual task areas and point calculation
6 procedures.
7 (4) Calculate the level of general lighting by
8 multiplying the task lighting level by one-third, where there
9 is only one task level, or by taking one-third of the sum of
10 the products of the task levels as provided for in paragraph
11 (2) and their areas as provided for in paragraph (3) divided
12 by the total task areas.
13 (5) Calculate the level of noncritical lighting.
14 (b) Lighting system data.--To establish lighting system
15 data, the following shall be used:
16 (1) Light source and luminaire types to use.
17 (2) Lamp lumens per watt and luminaire coefficients of
18 utilization for room and luminaire mounting height
19 dimensions. Luminaire CUs shall be selected from the IES
20 Lighting Handbook. In all cases, no luminaire shall have a CU
21 for RCR = 1 of less than that given in Table 11 lamp
22 efficacies for the appropriate space.
23 (c) Allowable wattage.--To establish allowable wattage, the
24 following shall be used:
25 (1) Using data from subsection (b), the illumination
26 levels and areas determined in subsection (a), and the
27 criteria of Table 11 on Reflectance, calculate the allowable
28 wattages using the lumen method.
29 (2) Calculate the total space wattage by adding the
30 task, general and noncritical lighting loads.
19770H0552B2503 - 39 -
1 (3) Add the wattage of luminaires allowed in section
2 235(b).
3 Table 11
4 (a) Lamp efficacies.--The following are initial lumen output
5 per watt input, including ballast losses:
6 Application Lumens
7 per Watt
8 Where moderate color rendition is appropriate 55
9 Where good color rendition is appropriate 40
10 Where high color rendition is appropriate,
11 spaces are less than 50 square feet or where
12 use of low wattage High Intensity Discharge
13 (HID) lamps under 250 W or fluorescent
14 lamps under 40 W is appropriate 25
15 (b) Luminary coefficients of utilization (CU).--Coefficients
16 of utilization (CUs) are to be for luminaires for use in the
17 types of spaces listed below, and those luminaires shall have a
18 CU of no less than that listed below (for each type space) for a
19 Room Cavity Ratio (RCR) of 1 and reflectances as in (c).
20 Space Use Minimum CU
21 (at RCR = 1)
22 For spaces with tasks subjected to veiling
23 reflections where design levels of
24 illumination are listed in terms of
25 equivalent sphere illumination (ESI) and
26 where visual comfort is important. 0.55
27 For spaces without tasks, or with tasks
28 not subjected to veiling reflections, but
29 where visual comfort is important. 0.63
30 For spaces without tasks and where visual
19770H0552B2503 - 40 -
1 comfort is not a criterion 0.70
2 (c) Other criteria; reflectances.--For interior spaces, the
3 following initial cavity and surface reflectances shall be
4 assumed:
5 Ceiling cavity reflectance 80%
6 Wall reflectance 50%
7 Floor cavity reflectance 20%
8 Light Loss Factor. A light loss factor (LLF) of 0.70 shall be
9 used.
10 SUBCHAPTER H
11 ALTERNATIVE SYSTEMS
12 Section 237. Performance alternative.
13 Alternative building systems and equipment design may be
14 approved by the department when they can be shown to have energy
15 consumption not greater than that of a similar building with
16 similar forms of energy requirements, designed in accordance
17 with the provisions of this act or when they can be shown to
18 have energy consumption not greater than that which shall be
19 established by the department with the approval of the Building
20 Energy Conservation Committee, for the purposes of this section.
21 Section 238. Nondepletable sources.
22 When such alternative systems utilize solar, geothermal, wind
23 or other nondepletable energy sources for all or part of their
24 energy sources, such nondepletable energy supplied to the
25 building shall be excluded from the total energy chargeable to
26 the proposed alternative design.
27 Section 239. Documentation.
28 Proposed alternative designs, submitted as requests for
29 exception to the standard design criteria, must be accompanied
30 by an energy analysis prepared in accordance with the ASHRAE
19770H0552B2503 - 41 -
1 Standard 90-75.
2 CHAPTER 3
3 APPLICATION OF STANDARDS: ESTABLISHMENT
4 OF COMMITTEE AND PENALTIES
5 Section 301. Modification of standards; criteria.
6 The department, with the approval of the Building Energy
7 Conservation Committee established pursuant to section 304,
8 after one or more public hearings, may recommend to the General
9 Assembly modifications to the energy conservation standards
10 contained in Chapter 2 hereof. Any recommended modification to
11 the energy conservation standards shall meet the following
12 criteria:
13 (1) It shall be consistent with the latest and most
14 effective technology.
15 (2) It shall not be in conflict with existing safeguards
16 for public health and safety.
17 (3) It shall be economically feasible as determined by
18 life-cycle-cost procedures.
19 (4) It shall be sufficiently stringent to effect a
20 significant savings of energy resources.
21 (5) It shall be a performance standard for the design of
22 buildings and systems within buildings to assure maximum
23 practical conservation of energy.
24 (6) Consideration shall be given to building and energy
25 standards promulgated by national and other state
26 governmental agencies, private organizations and any other
27 available energy data, as well as the total energy allocation
28 approach.
29 Section 302. Application of energy conservation standards.
30 The energy conservation standards contained herein or as
19770H0552B2503 - 42 -
1 promulgated by the department with the approval of the Building
2 Energy Conservation Committee shall apply to new buildings or to
3 renovations on which actual construction and/or design has not
4 commenced prior to their effective dates.
5 Section 303. Energy conservation manual for buildings.
6 (a) Production of manual.--Concurrent with the adoption of
7 the energy conservation codes required by this act, the
8 department shall produce an energy conservation manual for use
9 by designers, builders, and contractors of residential and
10 nonresidential buildings. This manual shall contain the
11 established standards and accepted practices. The manual shall
12 be furnished upon request to members of the public at a price
13 sufficient to cover the cost of printing.
14 (b) Review of manual.--The manual shall be reviewed by the
15 department and the Building Energy Conservation Committee at
16 least annually and shall be updated as significant new energy
17 conservation information becomes available.
18 Section 304. Building Energy Conservation Committee.
19 (a) Composition of committee.--In order to further the
20 coordinated and effective administration of this act, there is
21 hereby established a Building Energy Conservation Committee. It
22 shall consist of at least 25 members and no more than 35
23 members, the membership of which shall be appointed by the
24 Governor and shall include a representative of each of the
25 following entities or their successors:
26 (1) Department of Education.
27 (2) Governor's Energy Council.
28 (3) Department of General Services.
29 (4) Department of Labor and Industry.
30 (5) Department of Community Affairs.
19770H0552B2503 - 43 -
1 (6) Pennsylvania Builders Association.
2 (7) Pennsylvania Associated Builders and Contractors,
3 Inc.
4 (8) Pennsylvania Building Officials Conference.
5 (9) Mechanical Contractors Association of America.
6 (10) Pennsylvania Chamber of Commerce.
7 (11) General Contractors Association of Pennsylvania.
8 (12) Pennsylvania Society of Architects.
9 (13) Pennsylvania Society of Professional Engineers.
10 (14) American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air
11 Conditioning Engineers, Inc..
12 (15) Pennsylvania Gas Association.
13 (16) Pennsylvania Electric Association.
14 (17) Industrialized Housing Manufacturers Association.
15 (18) Thermal Insulation Manufacturers Association.
16 (19) Pennsylvania Building Trades Council.
17 (20) Representatives of such other agencies and
18 organizations or individuals as the Governor may find are
19 necessary and proper to carry out the purposes of the
20 committee including, but not limited to, labor organizations,
21 financial and lending institutions, and consumer groups.
22 (b) Powers and duties.--In addition to the powers and duties
23 enumerated in this act, the Building Energy Conservation
24 Committee shall:
25 (1) Be responsible for the regular exchange of
26 information and plans regarding building energy conservation,
27 for the development, review and approval of proposed and
28 existing standards, guidelines, regulations, and manuals.
29 (2) Elect from its members a Board on Variances.
30 (c) Expenses.--The members of the committee shall not
19770H0552B2503 - 44 -
1 receive any compensation for their services but shall be
2 reimbursed for their actual and necessary expenses incurred in
3 the performance of their duties. Provided, however, when acting
4 on matters concerning variances members of the Board on
5 Variances shall receive $50 per day plus their actual and
6 necessary expenses.
7 Section 305. Certification.
8 (a) Compliance with act.--It shall be the duty of the
9 architect retained in connection with the design, construction
10 or renovation of a building to certify the drawings,
11 specifications and other data showing compliance with the
12 provisions of this act, except as provided in subsection (d). If
13 the building is subject to the provisions of the act of April
14 27, 1927 (P.L.465, No.299), referred to as the Fire and Panic
15 Act, the certification required hereunder shall be submitted on
16 a form with the application for plan approval under the said
17 Fire and Panic Act.
18 (b) Inspection.--Each architect, other licensed design
19 professional retained by the owner in lieu of an architect, or
20 the architect's designee shall make periodic inspections of the
21 building progression to insure compliance with this act, except
22 as provided in subsection (d).
23 (c) Final certification.--Each architect or other licensed
24 design professional retained by the owner in lieu of an
25 architect shall make a final certification of every completed
26 building showing compliance with the provisions of this act,
27 except as provided in subsection (d).
28 (d) Certification by builder.--If an architect or other
29 licensed design professional is not retained in connection with
30 the design, construction or renovation of a building, it shall
19770H0552B2503 - 45 -
1 be the responsibility of the builder or owner, if he is the
2 builder, to perform the inspections and certification required
3 by this section.
4 Section 306. Variances.
5 (a) Requests.--Any request for a variance from the energy
6 conservation standards contained herein shall be made to the
7 Board on Variances of the Building Energy Conservation
8 Committee.
9 (b) Criteria.--A variance shall be granted only if it is
10 found that:
11 (1) compliance with the provisions of this act would
12 result in extreme hardship to the owner; and
13 (2) the granting of such variance would not result in a
14 significant increase in the energy usage of the building.
15 Section 307. Building permits.
16 Any building permit issued by the Commonwealth or any of its
17 political subdivisions shall have printed upon its face notice
18 that the provisions of this act must be complied with.
19 Section 308. Permits for use or occupancy.
20 Before any building or structure hereafter constructed or
21 renovated shall be used or opened for occupancy, the owner
22 thereof shall notify the department of the completion of the
23 building and submit the necessary certification therewith.
24 Within 10 days of receipt of the certification the department
25 shall forward notice of receipt of such certification to the
26 owner. No permit for use or occupancy shall be granted until
27 such submission has been made. No building official of the
28 Commonwealth or any of its political subdivisions shall issue a
29 permit until he has received proof of compliance. Provided,
30 however, that if the certification is forwarded to the
19770H0552B2503 - 46 -
1 department by certified mail with a return receipt requested and
2 the owner does not receive the notice of receipt of
3 certification provided for by this section within the time
4 provided herein, in such case, any building official of the
5 Commonwealth or any of its political subdivisions shall issue a
6 permit for use or occupancy upon presentation of the return
7 receipt by the owner and said building official shall notify the
8 department that he has issued the same.
9 Section 309. Failure to submit certification.
10 Whenever the owner of any building or structure shall fail to
11 notify the department of the completion of the building and to
12 submit the necessary certification and shall nevertheless
13 proceed with the use or occupancy of the building, the
14 department or the political subdivision shall serve notice on
15 the said owner that he is in violation of this act and order him
16 to comply therewith.
17 Section 310. Inspections.
18 The department may inspect within two years of the date of
19 completion of construction or renovation any building
20 constructed or renovated after the effective date of this act to
21 determine compliance with the provisions of this act, provided
22 at least 30 days notice has been given to the owner.
23 Section 311. Appeals.
24 Review of any decisions rendered under the provisions of this
25 act shall be brought in the court of common pleas of the county
26 wherein the building is situated. Such review shall be limited
27 to determining whether any such decision was arbitrary and
28 capricious.
29 Section 312. Penalties.
30 (a) Violations of act.--Any person who shall willfully or
19770H0552B2503 - 47 -
1 negligently violate any of the provisions of this act, or the
2 rules and regulations or the orders for the enforcement of the
3 said provisions or rules and regulations issued by duly
4 authorized officers of the department or who shall hinder, delay
5 or interfere with any officer charged with the enforcement of
6 this act in the performance of his duty, shall, upon conviction
7 thereof, be punished by a fine of not more than $300 and costs.
8 In the event of violation of more than one provision of this
9 act, the violation of each provision shall be deemed a separate
10 and distinct offense for the purposes of this section.
11 (b) Institution of proceedings.--Prosecutions for violations
12 of this act or the rules and regulations of the department may
13 be instituted by the Secretary of Labor and Industry or the
14 Secretary of Community Affairs, or under his directions by an
15 authorized representative of the department. Upon conviction
16 after a hearing, the sentences provided in this act shall be
17 imposed and shall be final unless an appeal be taken in the
18 manner prescribed by law.
19 (c) Disposition of fines.--All fines collected under this
20 act shall be forwarded to the department who shall pay the same
21 into the State Treasury for the use of the Commonwealth.
22 (d) False certification.--Any architect or other licensed
23 design professional who willfully provides a false certification
24 for any building subject to the provisions of this act shall be
25 subject to the suspension or revocation of his license by the
26 State Board of Examiners of Architects or other applicable State
27 licensing board.
28 Section 313. Enforcement.
29 (a) Applicability.--The provisions of this act shall apply
30 to every building enumerated in this act, except buildings owned
19770H0552B2503 - 48 -
1 by the Federal Government, including buildings owned in whole or
2 in part by the Commonwealth or any political subdivision
3 thereof, and shall be enforced by the Secretary of Labor and
4 Industry or by the Secretary of Community Affairs, by and
5 through his authorized representatives.
6 (b) Powers of officers.--For the purpose of enforcing the
7 provisions of this act, all the officers charged with its
8 enforcement shall have the power to enter any of the buildings
9 enumerated in this act, and no person shall hinder or delay, or
10 interfere with any of the said officers in the performance of
11 his duty, nor refuse any pertinent information necessary to
12 determine whether the provisions of this act and the rules and
13 regulations herein provided for, are or will be complied with.
14 CHAPTER 4
15 ADOPTION OF FUTURE STANDARDS
16 Section 401. Adoption and promulgation of standards.
17 The department, with the approval of the Building Energy
18 Conservation Committee, shall, after one or more public
19 hearings, adopt and publish energy conservation standards for
20 all buildings covered by this act in accordance with the
21 provisions of the act of July 31, 1968 (P.L.769, No.240), known
22 as the "Commonwealth Documents Law." The purpose of such
23 standards is to reduce wasteful or uneconomic consumption of
24 energy by balancing the cost of energy procurement against the
25 cost of energy-conserving building practices. The energy
26 conservation standards shall meet the following criteria:
27 (1) They shall be consistent with the latest and most
28 effective technology.
29 (2) They shall not be in conflict with existing
30 safeguards for public health and safety.
19770H0552B2503 - 49 -
1 (3) They shall be economically feasible as determined by
2 life-cycle-cost procedures.
3 (4) They shall be sufficiently stringent to effect a
4 significant savings of energy resources.
5 (5) They shall be a performance standard for the design
6 of buildings and systems within buildings to assure maximum
7 practical conservation of energy.
8 (6) Consideration shall be given to building and energy
9 standards promulgated by national and other State
10 governmental agencies, private organizations and any other
11 available energy data, as well as the total energy allocation
12 approach.
13 Section 402. Effective date.
14 This act shall take effect as follows:
15 (1) Chapter 2 shall take effect in six months and shall
16 remain in full force and effect for a period of one year
17 after which time the provisions of Chapter 2 shall have no
18 legal effect.
19 (2) Section 301 shall take effect immediately and its
20 provisions shall remain in full force and effect for a period
21 of 18 months after which time said provisions shall have no
22 legal effect.
23 (3) Chapter 4 shall take effect in 18 months.
24 (4) All other provisions of this act shall take effect
25 immediately.
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